For a typical built asset, the TCO would need to factor in costs accumulated from purchase to decommissioning. For example, this means initial acquisition price (design / build install), commissioning, repairs, maintenance, upgrades, service or support contracts, integration, security, software licenses, user training, upgrades, decommissioning and disposal. It can even include the credit terms on which the company purchased the asset. Through analysis, the purchasing manager might assign a monetary value to intangible costs, such as systems management time, electricity used, downtime, insurance and other overhead. The total cost of ownership must be compared to the total benefits of ownership (TBO) to determine the viability of a purchase.
There are several methodologies to calculate total cost of ownership, but the process is not perfect. It can be difficult to define a singular methodology for basing purchasing decisions on uniform information. There are also unforeseeable costs that can distort the model such as a vendor refusing to continue to provide availability of spares. Unpredictable costs can also include sudden rises in price in spares and consumables or rises in raw material commodities.
Another problem is that it is difficult to determine the scope of operating costs for any piece of equipment; some cost factors are easily overlooked or inaccurately compared from one piece of equipment to another. For example, do support costs include the cost of spare parts? This might make support cost more than it does on an equivalent piece of equipment, but eliminates an additional cost factor of parts acquisition.
Owner / Operators and purchasing decision makers complete total cost of ownership analysis for multiple options, to then compare TCOs to determine the best long-term investment.
Read more on the True Cost of Ownership here at the REBIM Blog.